Defining the Zero Dose Child: A Comparative Analysis of Two Approaches and Their Impact on Assessing the Zero Dose Burden and Vulnerability Profiles across 82 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

While there is a coordinated effort around reaching zero dose children and closing existing equity gaps in immunization delivery, it is important that there is agreement and clarity around how 'zero dose status' is defined and what is gained and lost by using different indicators for zero dose status. There are two popular approaches used in research, program design, and advocacy to define zero dose status: one uses a single vaccine to serve as a proxy for zero dose status, while another uses a subset of vaccines to identify children who have missed all routine vaccines. We provide a global analysis utilizing the most recent publicly available DHS and MICS data from 2010 to 2020 to compare the number, proportion, and profile of children aged 12 to 23 months who are 'penta-zero dose' (have not received the pentavalent vaccine), 'truly' zero dose (have not received any dose of BCG, polio, pentavalent, or measles vaccines), and 'misclassified' zero dose children (those who are penta-zero dose but have received at least one other vaccine). Our analysis includes 194,829 observations from 82 low- and middle-income countries. Globally, 14.2% of children are penta-zero dose and 7.5% are truly zero dose, suggesting that 46.5% of penta-zero dose children have had at least one contact with the immunization system. While there are similarities in the profile of children that are penta-zero dose and truly zero dose, there are key differences between the proportion of key characteristics among truly zero dose and misclassified zero dose children, including access to maternal and child health services. By understanding the extent of the connection zero dose children may have with the health and immunization system and contrasting it with how much the use of a more feasible definition of zero dose may underestimate the level of vulnerability in the zero dose population, we provide insights that can help immunization programs design strategies that better target the most disadvantaged populations. If the vulnerability profiles of the truly zero dose children are qualitatively different from that of the penta-zero dose children, then failing to distinguish the truly zero dose populations, and how to optimally reach them, may lead to the development of misguided or inefficient strategies for vaccinating the most disadvantaged population of children.

The Sociodemographic Profile of Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Serious Mental Illness in Kerala - A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Older adults with serious mental illness (OASMI) have to manage the twin challenges of old age and mental illness. Understanding their characteristics will help policymakers and researchers plan tailored interventions. The profile of OASMI is not described in any publication from India, and this paper addresses that gap. The information from this study will serve as a baseline for the planned periodic follow-up of the study participants. Methods: This study employed a cross- sectional design among a sample of OASMI identified through multistage cluster sampling from three districts in Kerala. We interviewed them in their households and collected sociodemographic data using a pretested tool. Results: Among the 917 OASMI participants, 66% were females, 18% were the 'oldest-old' (≥80 years), 94.1% were unemployed, 51.7% were socially backward, 68.5% were financially weak, 10.1% were living alone, 59.4% were living without partners, and 63.7% had caregivers. Conclusion: Compared to the general population of older adults in Kerala, the OASMI have poorer socioeconomic status and higher rates of social isolation, and males are dying earlier. The profile of the OASMI depicts their multiple vulnerabilities and the need to address those.

Group Segmentation as a Strategy for Implementing the Intervention Programme in Emotional Education for Infant and Primary Teachers.

Emotional intelligence is a key social skill for teachers. The teaching profession requires programmes that are geared towards emotional education that will enable teachers to develop emotional intelligence in order to foster their general well-being. The aims of this paper were: firstly, to test the effectiveness of the programme in emotional education implemented through group segmentation based on teachers' sociodemographic and work profile factors, and secondly, to ascertain whether there were any significant differences in the factors that make up the model of emotional intelligence with regard to the sociodemographic and work variables of teachers in the experimental group in a pre-post analysis study. The design of the research was experimental. The sample was made up of 351 infant and primary education teachers, 190 in the experimental group and 161 in the control group. We used the Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 together with a questionnaire to define teachers' sociodemographic and work profiles. Implementing the emotional education programme led to significant differences in the three factors of emotional intelligence (perception, understanding and emotional regulation) depending on the sociodemographic and work profile of the teachers in the experimental group. Applying segmentation allows us to conclude that intervention programmes should be adapted to the sociodemographic and work profile of the participant group. When designing programmes, the method considered should be active, participative, flexible and focused on the teachers' own experience.

The Sociodemographic-Professional Profile and Emotional Intelligence in Infant and Primary Education Teachers.

Emotional intelligence is the key to students' psychological-social well-being and academic performance, and teachers must provide socioemotional education in the classroom. To achieve this, teachers must display high levels of socioemotional skills that ensure their own personal, social, and career well-being and, as a result, that of their students. This study seeks to gain an insight into the levels of socioemotional skills of emotional perception, emotional understanding, and emotional regulation and how these are linked to the sociodemographic and career profile of teachers in infant and primary education. For this, we surveyed 351 teachers-310 female and 41 male-aged between 20 and 69. We used the Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 (TMMS-24) together with a questionnaire (ad hoc) to determine the sociodemographic and career profile of participating teachers. Statistical analysis of the data showed that gender impacts on emotional regulation and emotional perception, while age and number of the children were also seen to have significant difference on emotional regulation and emotional perception. In contrast, professional qualifications were only seen to affect emotional perception. The variable reflecting the level at which staff teach showed significant difference on emotional perception and emotional understanding, while administrative posts held by teachers also demonstrated significant difference on their emotional understanding. The results confirm that sociodemographic and work-related variables impact the level of socioemotional skills of infant and primary education teachers. These aspects should be taken into account in the structure and planning of training aimed at developing socioemotional skills in order to ensure their success.

Socio-demographic features and quality of life post burn injury.

Introduction: Burn injury is a highly devastating injury accounting for the major cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost mostly in developing countries. Physical trauma, body disfigurement, the social stigma associated with injury completely shatter an individual's life. Aim: To study the quality of life among burn injury patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional hospital-based descriptive study was done on 150 burn injury patients. During the initial recruitment from Burns and Plastic Surgery Ward, socio-demographic profile and burn incident-related data were collected, whereas the WHO QoL-BREF tool was applied after 3 months of discharge during a follow-up visit in the outpatient department of Burns and Plastic Surgery to assess the quality of life among subjects. Data were compiled in MS Excel and statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20 version. Results: The study revealed poor quality of life among four domains of QoL; it was most inferior in the psychological domain followed by the physical health domain, environment domain, and social relationship domain. Conclusion: Advancement in the medical field has improved the survival rate in victims although the patients recover from the acute painful phase of physical trauma. However, the psychological and social impacts of injury remain unaddressed leading to a poor QoL. There is a need for an integrated approach for prevention and enhancement of the quality of care for the victims in all four domains of life. More emphasis is needed on rehabilitative care for long-term improvement in the QoL of the affected person.

Uveal Melanoma: Refusal of Treatment.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore factors for refusing treatment in patients diagnosed with uveal melanoma and their subsequent clinical course. METHODS: This study included patients with uveal melanoma who refused standard of care treatment. Patient-reported reasons and pre-existing mental health diagnoses were assessed. The sociodemographic profile was compared with the controls. Ocular survival, metastasis-free survival (MFS), and overall survival (OS) were calculated. RESULTS: Nine patients with uveal melanoma declined ocular treatment (plaque brachytherapy, n = 7 [78%]; enucleation, n = 2 [22%]). The choroidal melanomas were small (n = 1 [11%]), medium (n = 5 [56%]), and large (n = 3 [33%]) in size (COMS criteria). The sociodemographic profile of the study patients was not different from those that accepted treatment. One patient (11%) had pre-existing mental health diagnosis. Five patients (56%) eventually accepted treatment following an average delay of 19 months (range: 4-55 months) due to neovascular glaucoma or severe vision loss. MFS could not be ascertained, and OS was 67% (6/9) at 4.2 years of follow-up (mean). CONCLUSIONS: Refusal of initial recommended treatment is associated with poor ocular survival. The small sample size did not allow for an evaluation of the impact on survival.

Socio-demographic profile of suicidal hanging deaths in Delhi and the National Capital Region - a retrospective study.

The aim of this retrospective socio-demographic analysis is to identify those at higher risk of suicidal hanging in the region of Delhi and the National Capital Region. All deaths due to suicidal hanging from January 2016 to December 2019 reported in the Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital were included. Suicidal hanging accounted for 2.67% of total autopsied cases; 21-30 years old represented 42.62% of the victims. Male:female ratio was 1.7:1 and 38.37% of cases were from the adjoining areas of Vasant Kunj and Vasant Vihar. Therefore, a preventive strategy should focus concern on young adults, the male sex, and areas of Vasant Kunj and Vasant Vihar.

Percepción de riesgos en la salud de la comunidad indígena Mixteca El Calvario, al sur de México / Perception of health risks in the Mixteca El Calvario indigenous community in southern Mexico

La situación de salud y percepción de riesgos de las comunidades indígenas se mide por el grado sociodemográfico y estudio etnográfico. Nuestra población en estudio “El Calvario” es la única comunidad indígena Mixteca de Chilpancingo, Guerrero, conformada por 21 familias que se dedican a la agricultura, producción de maguey y mezcal, y elaboración de algunas artesanías de palma. El objetivo fue estudiar las condiciones de Calidad de Vida y percepción de riesgos en dos grupos vulnerables adultos y niños. En el caso de los adultos, se hizo por encuestas y en el caso de los niños se usó el dibujo. En los habitantes se perciben en riesgos de salud y de perder su identidad indígena, debido a que solo hablan su lengua materna los adultos, no saben leer y ni escribir. Así mismo, es inminente el riesgo de sufrir daños materiales debido a que las viviendas no son adecuadas. La migración de jóvenes, la perdida de cultura, el padecer enfermedades metabólicas debido a la dieta alta en refrescos. Así mismo, los niños expresaron las deficiencias educativas. Finalmente, la población en general se encuentra olvidada por los organismos de gobierno actuales, en riesgo sanitario, y de perdida de cultura ya que los jóvenes migrarán a otros lugares a buscar nuevas oportunidades. Es un fuerte llamado de atención a la sociedad ya que, de no actuar en consecuencia con dicha problemática, se perdería la única comunidad Mixteca en Chilpancingo, Guerrero.(AU)

The health situation and risk perception of indigenous communities is measured by sociodemographic grade and ethnographic study. Our study population "El Calvario" is the only Mixtec indigenous community in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, made up of 21 families that are dedicated to agriculture, production of maguey and mezcal, and making some palm handicrafts. The objective was to study the conditions of Quality of Life and risk perception in two vulnerable groups, adults and children. In the case of adults, it was done through surveys and in the case of children, drawing was used. The inhabitants are perceived as being at risk of health and of losing their indigenous identity, because only adults speak their mother tongue, they do not know how to read and write. Likewise, the risk of suffering material damage is imminent due to the inadequate housing. The migration of young people, the loss of culture, suffering from metabolic diseases due to a diet high in soft drinks. Likewise, the children expressed educational deficiencies. Finally, the general population is forgotten by current government agencies, at risk of health, and loss of culture as young people will migrate to other places to seek new opportunities. It is a strong call for attention to society since, if it does not act accordingly, the only Mixtec community in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, would be lost.(AU)

A Sociodemographic Profile of Mask Use During the COVID-19 Outbreak Among Young and Elderly Individuals in Brazil: Online Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: Sociodemographic variables may impact decision making regarding safety measures. The use and selection of adequate face masks is a safety and health measure that could help minimize the spread of COVID-19 infection. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine sociodemographic variables and factors relating to COVID-19 that could impact decision making or the choice to use or not use face masks in the prevention and care of a possible COVID-19 infection among a large sample of younger and older Brazilian people. METHODS: An online survey composed of 14 closed-ended questions about sociodemographic variables and COVID-19 was used. A total of 2673 participants consisted of Brazilian people (aged ≥18 years) from different states of Brazil and were grouped according to age (≤59 years and ≥60 years). To compare the variables of interest (associated with wearing a face mask or not), chi-square and likelihood ratio tests were used (with P<.05 being significant). RESULTS: Most of the participants in both groups were women from the southeast region who had postgraduate degrees. Approximately 61% (1452/2378) of individuals aged ≤59 years and 67.8% (200/295) of those aged ≥60 years were not health professionals. In the group aged ≤59 years, 83.4% (1983/2378) did not show COVID-19 signs and symptoms, and 97.3% (2314/2378) were not diagnosed with COVID-19. In the older adult group, 92.5% (273/295) did not show signs and symptoms of COVID-19, and 98.3% (290/295) were not diagnosed with the disease. The majority of the participants in both groups reported using face masks, and their decision to use face masks was influenced by the level of education and their occupation as a health professional. CONCLUSIONS: Younger and older adults have worn face masks during the COVID-19 outbreak. It is difficult to measure how much of a positive impact this attitude, habit, and behavior could have on the degree of infection and spread of the disease. However, it can be a positive indicator of adherence to the population's security and safety measures during the pandemic.

Relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics of participants in the DIADA project and the rate of compliance with follow-up assessments in the initial stage of the intervention.

OBJECTIVE: Analyse the relationship between the sociodemographic profile of the DIADA study participants and the rate of compliance with the follow-up assessments in the early stage of this project's intervention for depression and unhealthy alcohol use offered within primary care. METHODS: A non-experimental quantitative analysis was conducted. The sociodemographic data of DIADA [Detección y Atención Integral de Depresión y Abuso de Alcohol en Atención Primaria (Detection and Integrated Care for Depression and Alcohol Use in Primary Care)] study participants had been previously collected. At the time of the evaluation (September 12, 2019), only the participants who had been in the project for a minimum of 3 months were included. By using univariate (Chi-squared) analyses, we studied the association between participants' sociodemographic profile and their rate of compliance with the first follow-up assessment at 3 months after study initiation. RESULTS: At the date of the evaluation, 584 adult participants were identified, of which 389 had been involved in the project for more than 3 months. From the participants included, 320 performed the first follow-up, while 69 did not. The compliance rate to the first follow-up was 82.3% (95 % [CI] 78.1%-86%) and was not affected by: site location, age, sex, civil status, level of education, use of smartphone, PHQ9 score (measuring depression symptomatology) or AUDIT score (measuring harmful alcohol use). Participants who do not use a smartphone, from rural areas and with a lower socioeconomic status, tended to show higher compliance rates. Statistically significant associations were found; participants with lower job stability and a lack of access to the Internet showed higher compliance rates to the early initial follow-up assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The compliance rate was high and generally constant in spite of the variability of the sociodemographic profiles of the participants, although several sub-groups of participants showed particularly high rates of compliance. These findings may suggest that integrating mental health into primary care allows the structural and financial barriers that hinder access to health in Colombia to be broken down by raising awareness about mental illnesses, their high prevalence and the importance of timely and accessible medical management.

Clinical and sociodemographic profiles of persons with spinal cord injury.

AIM: To collect and correlate the sociodemographic and clinical details of persons with spinal cord injury who were admitted to the Department of Neurological Rehabilitation. OBJECTIVES: To assess the sociodemographic characteristics and collect the clinical profiles of persons with spinal cord injury and to correlate their sociodemographic and clinical details. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective file review was done over a period of 2 years from January 2017 to December 2018 to study patients with spinal cord injury who were admitted to the Neurological Rehabilitation ward of NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were admitted with spinal cord injury. The mean age was 32.39 years and majority of the patients were young married males. Most of them belong to the low socioeconomic status and are housewives and daily wage laborers. Falls and road traffic accidents are the causes for the injury. Anxiety and depression are high among traumatic spinal cord injury patients. CONCLUSION: This information may contribute to prevent SCI and to improve the quality of life of patients with SCI. It has implications for the primary care physicians who are at first contact to identify and refer them for specialized super speciality district hospitals for further treatment as they pose a great threat to public health and their proportions are increasing. It is imperative that trauma care is included in graduate medical training as well to facilitate early intervention after initial screening.

Support and Emotional Well-Being of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Spain.

Although the world's forcibly displaced population reached 79.5 million in 2019, their difficult situations and the issues they struggle with remain practically invisible in Spanish society. Therefore, it seems necessary to provide greater insight into an invisible reality to improve the refugees' situation. The present cross-sectional study aims to draw a general profile of refugees' and asylum seekers' main characteristics in Spain and their well-being. A total of 186 refugees living in Spain participated. An ad-hoc questionnaire was administered to obtain data regarding sociodemographic profile, language skills, and social and institutional support. A standardized instrument, SPANE, was used to measure well-being. It can be seen that healthcare, followed by legal aid, are the easiest to access. On the other hand, finding a job, having money, and finding housing are the most difficult. In general, it seems possible to say that the refugees present more positive feelings than negative ones, which implies a positive emotional balance, although the average score obtained for emotional balance is quite far from the highest possible score. We consider this to be a pivotal first step which can provide useful information for the further design of aid strategies to improve this vulnerable group's situation.

What are the most common sexually transmitted bacteria in women with cervico-vaginitis nowadays?

INTRODUCTION: Cervico-vaginitis is usually the initial infection which, when undiagnosed, can evolve to salpingitis with tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain as consequences. This study aimed at identifying the sociodemographic profile and clinical presentation of women diagnosed with cervico-vaginitis, as well as the microorganisms isolated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out between October 1, 2013, and March 31, 2014. Women diagnosed with cervico-vaginitis were recruited. The main variables recorded were maternal age, occupation, marital status, number of sexual partners, clinical presentation, and microorganisms identified. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: The mean maternal age was 25.5 ± 5.6 years. Students were more represented (41.1%), 66% were single, and 69.6% had ≥2 sexual partners. The most frequent symptom was abnormal vaginal discharge (100%). The most frequent microorganisms isolated were genital tract mycoplasmas (67.9%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (55.3%). DISCUSSION: Acute cervico-vaginitis is common among young, single women with multiple sexual partners. Genital tract mycoplasmas were the commonest germs isolated followed by Chlamydia trachomatis. CONCLUSION: Cervico-vaginitis is very common in our setting. Screening for genital tract mycoplasmas should be the first to be requested to women with cervico-vaginitis.

Clinical, sociodemographic profile and stressors in patients with conversion disorders: An exploratory study from southern India.

BACKGROUND: Patients present with "conversion disorder" as a response to any underlying stressful situation. It is clinically important to evaluate the presence, type, and temporal relation of the stressors, resulting in conversion. Further, knowing the sociodemographic and psychological profile of the conversion patient helps in better management. AIM: The aim of the study was to study the clinical presentations, sociodemographic characteristics, and underlying stressors associated with conversion disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients admitted to the Department of Psychiatry, NRI Medical College and Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, from January 2013 to December 2014, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study were evaluated for sociodemographic characteristics, clinical presentations, and stressor on a semi-structured pro forma. RESULTS: Majority of the patients with conversion symptoms were children and young adults (74.0%), females (62.0%), students (46.0%), married (54.0%), and those from nuclear families (78.0%) and rural background (62.0%). Socioeconomic status wise, majority (66.0%) of the patients belonged to middle class. Majority of the patients (92.0%) had a recognizable precipitating factor, of which family-related/marital (36.0%) and education/school-related (18.0%) problems accounted for the major types. Purely motor symptoms were the predominant presentation (84.0%) with unresponsiveness/syncopal attack and pseudo seizure being the commonest. CONCLUSION: Conversion disorders are commonly seen in females, children and young adults, students, and in those belonged to middle class in socioeconomic status and rural areas. They are mostly preceded by identifiable psychosocial stressors.

Population-based Study of 24 Autoimmune Diseases Carried Out in a Brazilian Microregion.

In Brazil, epidemiological data on autoimmune diseases are scarce due to the lack of a specific policy of attention to this group of diseases. This study aimed to estimate the general and relative prevalence of the diseases presented, as well as to know the sociodemographic profile of the identified cases. This cross-sectional study was conducted with an epidemiological survey of patients with confirmed diagnosis of autoimmune diseases from primary health care in the Aguas Formosas microregion, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We have included all new and old cases found of individuals of both sexes and all ages, including those who died and emigrated during this period. A total of 407 carriers and 24 different autoimmune diseases were identified. The prevalence of autoimmune diseases in this region was 673.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants [95% confidence interval (CI): 609.8-742.4]. Highest prevalence was identified for Hashimoto's thyroiditis 140.6 cases per 100,000 (95% CI: 112.4-173.9), followed by vitiligo 132.4 cases per 100,000 (95% CI: 105.0-164.8), and rheumatoid arthritis 105.9 cases per 100,000 (95% CI: 81.6-135.3). The sex ratio was higher in females (69%), the most affected age group was over 60 years (30.5%), with greater predominance in the urban area (81.3%). Our data showed the general and relative prevalence of the identified diseases, allowing to know the sociodemographic profile of the identified cases and the epidemiological trend of these morbidities in a low-income Brazilian region.

Análise do perfil sociodemográfico, motivos de adesão, rotina de treinamento e acompanhamento profissional de praticantes de corrida de rua / Analysis of sociodemographic profile, adhesion reasons and characteristics of training of street running practitioners

A corrida de rua é considerada um fenômeno sociocultural contemporâneo em ampla expansão no Brasil e no mundo. No entanto, há uma carência de informações a respeito do perfil sociodemográfico dos praticantes de corridas de rua, assim como os seus motivos de adesão e rotina de treinamento. Essas informações são essenciais para a elaboração de estratégias de intervenção profissional voltadas para os praticantes de corrida de rua. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil sociodemográfico, os motivos de adesão, a rotina de treinamento e acompanhamento profissional de corredores de rua. Participaram da pesquisa 214 praticantes de corrida de rua, do sexo masculino e feminino, idade entre 18 e 58 anos (M = 36,4 ± 10,3), devidamente inscritos em provas que fazem parte do calendário oficial de corridas. Os praticantes responderam um questionário composto por 18 questões organizadas em 3 categorias: perfil ciodemográfico, motivos de adesão e rotina de treinamento/acompanhamento profissional. Os resultados evidenciaram que a maioria dos praticantes de corrida de rua são do sexo masculino (62,1%), com faixa etária predominante entre 20 e 40 anos, elevado nível de escolaridade e que buscam essa atividade especialmente por motivos de saúde (91,1%) e prazer (69,1%). Apesar de 43,9% dos praticantes não receberem acompanhamento profissional, 96,6% consideram importante ou muito importante a supervisão profissional durante a prática. Os achados indicam que, em geral, os adeptos da corrida de rua optam pela prática devido a busca pela melhora da qualidade de vida e a socialização, bem como a redução do estresse...(AU)

Running is considered a contemporary sociocultural phenomenon in a wide expansion in Brazil and in the world. However, there is a lack of information regarding the sociodemographic profile of street racing practitioners, as well as their reasons for joining this practice and the characteristics of training. This information is essential for the development of strategies for professional intervention aimed at street racing practitioners. The present study sought to analyze the sociodemographic profile, the reasons of adhesion and the characteristics of training of street racing practitioners. A total of 214 male and female street racing practitioners, aged between 18 and 58 years (M = 36.4 ± 10.3), duly enrolled in races that are part of the official racing calendar, participated in the study. The practitioners answered a questionnaire composed of 18 questions organized in 3 categories: sociodemographic profile, reasons of adhesion and training characteristics. The results showed that most of the street racing practitioners are male (62.1%), with a predominant age group between 20 and 40 years of age, a high level of schooling and who seek this activity especially for health reasons (91, 1%) and pleasure (69.1%). Although 43.9% of the practitioners did not receive professional support, 96.6% considered it important hat, in general, the street racing practitioners choose this practice because of the quest for improving quality of life and socialization as well as for reducing stress...(AU)

A Sociodemographic Profile of Asian Americans Served in Community Mental Health Centers for a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder.

Little is known about Asian Americans treated for serious psychiatric disorders in the public mental health system. We characterized 75 Asian Americans seen at community mental health centers for a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder to anticipate likely clients and gain insights into their service needs. Participants completed in-person interviews and self-report questionnaires on their demographic and social characteristics. The ethnically diverse sample featured mostly foreign-born individuals with long-standing schizophrenia. Findings highlighted participants' differential experience of social adversities and stressful events, but also revealed salient cultural resources that shielded some from the social sequelae of schizophrenia. Recovery-oriented mental health programs staffed by culturally and linguistically compatible providers remain key to engaging this marginalized population in service. Findings also uphold a holistic management of schizophrenia spectrum disorder among racial and ethnic minorities, taking into account the complex social needs of afflicted individuals.

Factores explicativos de la preferencia y uso de la administración electrónica en España / Fatores explicativos da preferência e uso da administração eletrônica na Espanha / Explanatory factors of the preference and use of electronic administration in Spain

Resumen En la actualidad, muchos gobiernos ofrecen a sus ciudadanos servicios públicos a través de internet (administración electrónica). En este trabajo se analizan tres factores que podrían explicar el uso de la administración electrónica: perfil sociodemográfico de los ciudadanos, niveles de calidad de los servicios públicos ofrecidos por ese medio y grado de satisfacción de los ciudadanos con esos servicios. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que los ciudadanos que prefieren utilizar internet como medio de contacto o que utilizan la administración electrónica se caracterizan por ser personas jóvenes, con estudios universitarios o estudiantes. En cambio, las personas que no utilizan la administración electrónica o que prefieren el canal presencial son mayoritariamente personas mayores con estudios primarios. En segundo lugar, a pesar de que los ciudadanos perciban una alta calidad y tengan un alto grado de satisfacción con esos servicios públicos, esto no resulta en altas tasas de uso de la administración electrónica. Por último, para incrementar el uso de la administración electrónica es primordial la utilización de interfaces sencillas, intuitivas y fáciles de usar por cualquier persona, especialmente por personas mayores y con estudios primarios.

Resumo Atualmente, muitos governos oferecem aos seus cidadãos serviços públicos por meio da internet (governo eletrônico). Este artigo analisa três fatores que poderiam explicar o uso do governo eletrônico: perfil sociodemográfico dos cidadãos, níveis de qualidade dos serviços públicos oferecidos por esse meio e grau de satisfação dos cidadãos com esses serviços. Os resultados mostram que os cidadãos que preferem usar a internet como meio de contato ou que usam o governo eletrônico são caracterizados por serem jovens, com estudos universitários ou estudantes. Por outro lado, aquelas pessoas que não usam administração eletrônica ou que preferem o canal face a face são, em sua maioria, pessoas idosas com educação primária. Em segundo lugar, embora os cidadãos percebam uma alta qualidade e tenham um alto grau de satisfação com esses serviços públicos, isso não se traduz em altas taxas de uso de governo eletrônico. Finalmente, a fim de aumentar o uso da administração eletrônica, o uso de interfaces simples, intuitivas e de fácil utilização é essencial, especialmente para os idosos e com o ensino primário.

Abstract Currently, many governments offer their citizens public services through the internet (eGovernment). This article analyzes three factors that could explain the use of eGovernment: sociodemographic profile of citizens, levels of quality of public services offered in this way, and the degree of citizen satisfaction with these services. The results show that citizens who prefer to use the internet as a means of contact or who use eGovernment are characterized as being young people, undergraduate students or with a university degree. On the other hand, those who do not use electronic administration or who prefer the face-to-face channel are mostly elderly people or those with basic education. Secondly, although citizens perceive a high quality and have a high degree of satisfaction with these public services, this does not translate into high rates of use of eGovernment. Finally, increasing the use of electronic administration implies in using simple, intuitive and user-friendly interfaces, especially targeting the elderly and those with basic education.

A Study on Deliberately Self-Poisoned In-Hospital Patients in a Tertiary Health Care Center in Northeast India: A Cross-Sectional Review.

BACKGROUND: The nature and profile of different modes of poisoning vary significantly in different parts of India. The assessment of the magnitude of suicidal poisoning is an area of paramount importance not only for appropriate management but also for raising social awareness and framing government policies for the prevention of same. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the pattern of poisoning, the sociodemographic profile of patients who poison themselves, and the in-hospital outcome of self-poisoned patients over a 1-year period. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted between May 2015 and April 2016 that included 492 patients >12 years of age who were admitted to our hospital after consuming poison with the intention of deliberate self-harm. Relevant history with respect to the nature and amount of poison ingested were taken and recorded, and the patients' sociodemographic profiles and outcome (as either discharge or death) were noted. RESULTS: Most of the patients were 13-28 years of age (69%). Males (n = 293 [59.55%]) predominated over females and the majority were farmers (n = 193 [39.23%]). Rural cases (n = 373 [75.81%]) outnumbered urban cases. The major causes of deliberate self-harm attempts were impulsive actions (n = 442 [89.84%]). Pesticides (n = 393 [79.88%]) were the most commonly consumed poison. The overall mortality rate was 12%, with paraquat (94.74%) topping the list of fatal substances. CONCLUSION: Young adults and males constitute majority of the population in this study. Agricultural poisons made up the bulk of the cases, mostly taken by rural population. Paraquat, an herbicide banned in several countries, had the highest mortality rate in this study.

Clinical profile of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: A multicentric study from India.

CONTEXT: Data from the Western countries suggest that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents is associated with male preponderance, comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders, and high family loading. However, data are limited from the developing countries with respect to the demographic and clinical characteristics of OCD in children and adolescents. AIMS: To study the demographic and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents (age ≤18 years) with OCD. SETTING AND DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in outpatient treatment setting, across six centers in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants were assessed using a semi-structured pro forma for sociodemographic information, clinical characteristics, the Children's Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CYBOCS), Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th Edition Research Version, Children's Depression Rating Scale, and Family Interview for Genetic Studies. RESULTS: The sample was largely male with a moderate illness severity. Nearly 75% of the sample had illness onset before the age of 14 years. Aggressive, contamination-related obsessions and washing, checking, and repeating compulsions were the most common symptoms. CYBOCS assessment revealed that >2/3rd of children and adolescents endorsed avoidance, pathological doubting, overvalued sense of responsibility, pervasive slowness, and indecisiveness. Family history and comorbidity rates were low. OC-related disorders were present in about 10% of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the clinical characteristics of OCD in children and adolescents in developing countries differ on certain aspects as reported from developed countries.